Stick and Stones

†Sticks and Stones† by Trezza Azzopardi (2006) In the short story, we follow a man named Lewis. Lewis is the main character, who keeps dreaming about the same thing over and over. He dreams about him at the strand. He used to have a terrible experience there. He moved to the core of England, to escape from the terrible trauma. But now he has returned to his mother’s house, where he gets clear images in his mind. Lewis is a teacher, in the text it says, â€Å"The second envelope contains a note from the Headmaster†¦come in and discuss matters† This quote supports the statement about Lewis being a teacher.He seems to be a person who wants to change the way things are, but he has been taught by his mother, that he needs to blend in, and she also says â€Å"it’s the survival of the fittest†. The environment he has been raised in has stopped him from doing the things, which he wanted to do. That is expressed in the text where it says, â€Å"So metimes he imagines he’s the kind of person that challenges teachers like Stott and Walker, the kind that the Headmaster takes seriously. † He is not the kind of person who stands out. He was probably bullied in school when he was younger, because Lewis gets to identify himself in a boy called Paul Fry.Paul Fry is a boy who gets bullied by some boys. Lewis always feels the need to help him. No one had helped Lewis, back in the days; he also stopped telling about his problems to his mother, because he felt it was hopeless. She had told him that he just should fit in. In the text it says, â€Å"But he took her words literally, became expert at running away†¦ † He doesn’t face his problem, because that is the way he is raised. The author has used flashbacks in the text. The use of flashbacks makes the reader more informed. By using flashbacks, the story becomes more interesting and dynamic.The flashbacks also give the story a timeline and they widen the time. The story begins with a flashback about Lewis’ bad experience. This flashback is about him committing suicide. He is falling from the dunes at the strand. Another flashback is where he sees Paul Fry getting bullied, by some guys. The flashback affects the story. They give the story a meaning and reveal information about the character as well. By reading the flashbacks, we get to know Lewis better. His past tells us about why he is the way he is now, it defines him. E. g. Lewis wants to help Paul Fry, because Lewis once where victim like Paul Fry. In the ending of the story there is a quote, â€Å"Lewis puts his stones in his pocket. He will stop running he thinks. He has survived after all† This quote indicates that he is now ready to let go of his pebbles that he used to lick. He also comes to the strand when things are difficult as it says in the text, â€Å"When things were difficult, he would go to the strand and find his mother a new piece of quartz† He has now stopped is previous behaviour and he is changing. The themes in the short story is bullying and facing serious problems.The bullying part is because both Lewis and Paul Fry get bullied, and it ends up with them wanting to commit suicide. This is a serious problem, which Lewis is trying to escape from. He keeps running away from his problem. That has become his nature, because of the way his mother brought him up. That was the only solution he knew, but in the end of the story he comes to the conclusion that he must accept things and face them. By doing that he can move on. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. pg. 2 ll. 36-37 [ 2 ]. pg. 3 ll. 67 [ 3 ]. pg. 2-3 ll. 61-62 [ 4 ]. pg. 5 ll. 126-127 [ 5 ]. pg. 3 ll. 91-92

CRM Capabilities and the Customer Life Cycle Essay

Customer acquisition consists of the business processes in the CLC leading up to the customer moment, when consumers become customers . . . or not. This includes awareness generation, knowledge transfer, consideration, pre-sales, and evaluation. Capabilities include consumer surveys in business operations, tracking enterprise-wide customer interactions in business management, and market basket analysis in business intelligence. The enterprise clearly requires customer acquisition to maintain and expand revenues and profits. A business without nev. customer acquisition will shrink and eventually fail. But compared to customer retention amf expanding â€Å"share of customer†, customer acquisition can be expensive. I Expanding the â€Å"share of customer† is gaining the largest portion of acquisitions made by each individual customer in the global marketplace. The proportion of a customer’s move, that goes to a particular enterprise is known as the share of customer. Example capabilities include delivery of new information to a customer through business operations as the custome-, re-enters the CLC, taking advantage of cross-sell opportunities using business managerne7- capabilities, and identifying cross-sell opportunities through business intelligence capabilitie&. The benefits of expanding â€Å"share of customer† are similar to customer retention—additional sales without the cost of acquiring a new customer. However, expanding the share of customer is as valuable as customer retention. Most companies find that their most profitable customer-, are the ones that spend the largest percentages of their budgets with the enterprise. For example, one bank recently identified that every one of their most profitable customers (the top 20 per cent) gave their business to the bank, while none of the least profitable custome7,: (the bottom 20 per cent) gave their business to the bank. What is new is the customer-cents_~ nature of applications, which means organizing CRM processes around the customer rath—, than marketing, sales, or any other internal function. Measurements and feedback from the customer enable improvements in the CRM process. The customer’s viewpoint becomes aF integral part of the process, allowing it to change with the customer’s needs. In other words. companies base their actions not on the priorities of functional fiefdoms, but on the over†72 corporate objective of providing customer satisfaction. However, before aggressively deploying CRM applications, managers might have to restructure customer-interaction processes. Functional and organizational structurei tend to compartmentalize the various activities that go into serving the customer. Such fragmentation prevents customer information from being dispersed far enough within the organization to be useful; in fact, it often stands in the way of efforts to build a relationship As a result, customized service is difficult and consequently, organizations tend to treat all customers the same – a damning impediment to building closer relationships. To counter fragmentation, leading-edge companies strive to take a more customer centred approach to CRM. There is a growing trend towards managing all the activities that ientify, attract, and retain customers in an integrated fashion, that is, managing them as a process that cuts across functional departments. By addressing these activities as a set of CRM processes, organizations can create end-to-end communications and performance accountability for entire sets of activities. In short, a CRM infrastructure is really a portfolio of process competencies.

Awesome Ball Girl and Perception Essay Example for Free

Awesome Ball Girl and Perception Essay In the short video of â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, there is a young ball girl working in the field that makes such a great catch, most professionals would not have been able to make. At the start of the video you would think that you are about to see a home run after a great hit, but my eyes were drawn elsewhere; just like the crowd and two teams. This shows the first stage in the perception process: selection. Selection occurs when one or more of your senses are stimulated, where your mind and body help you choose what stimuli to attend to (Floyd 109). Of my five senses, this video affected my vision and my hearing since I was watching a screen; more senses would have been affected if I would have been in the crowd. We do not necessarily make conscious decisions about which stimuli to notice and which to ignore. Research indicates that there are three characteristics that make a particular stimulus more likely to be selected for attention. (Floyd 109) The first characteristic is that something unusual or unexpected will make a stimulus stand out. Second, that repetition or how frequently you have been exposed to something will make it stand out. Third, the intensity of a stimulus will affect how much you take notice to it. From the video â€Å"Awesome Ball Girl†, two of the characteristics that stood out the most for me were repetition and intensity. I do not watch baseball often so since I am not exposed to that sport often, it stood out to me. In addition to not watching that sport often, the intensity of the crowd made me more interested because I knew something big was happening due to hearing the cheering and gasping. By the end of the video, all of my attention was focused on the young ball girl who just made an amazing catch. Once you have noticed a particular stimulus the next step of the perception process is to classify it by organization, the second stage of the perception process. Organization is the process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention – the mind will apply a perceptual schema to it for a mental framework for organizing information (Floyd 109). Perceptual schemas help us organize sensory information in some meaningful way so that we can move forward with the process of perception. There are four types of schema that help to classify the information we notice about people: physical constructs, role constructs, interaction constructs and psychological constructs. (Floyd 110) Physical constructs emphasize appearances and objective characteristics (height, age, ethnicity, body shape) as well as subjective characteristics (attractiveness). Role constructs emphasize social or professional position (teacher, accountant, father, community leader). Interaction constructs emphasize behavior (outgoing, shy, aggressive, sarcastic, considerate). Psychological constructs emphasize thoughts and feelings (angry, insecure, jealous, worried). (Floyd 110) Looking back on watching this video, I feel like I could apply all of these constructs to the young ball girl. She was a younger white female; her appearance was average height for a woman, not tall and not short with an athletic build – which is known to be attractive. The announcer for the game calls her the ball girl as well as the title of the video which gave the role construct. The interaction I could see was that she was a â€Å"go-getter† and that she was not shy about going after the ball that the professional player missed. After the catch, she was walking back to her seat; she seemed insecure and or worried like she was thinking maybe it was a bad idea to catch the ball now that all attention is on her. Stage one, selection, helped me with stage two, organization because I knew what caught my attention. Seeing a girl running down the side of the field, hearing the crowd cheering and the announcer going crazy made me realize that something spectacular was happening even though I don’t watch baseball often. Once my attention was focused on the ball girl, I was able to use the types of schemas to classify the information that my mind noticed. The third and final stage of the perception process is interpretation. Interpretation in the perception process is assigning all of the information from selection and organization and forming a personal meaning. Three factors: experience, knowledge and closeness can all affect how you interpret something that you perceive (Floyd 111). Every person’s interpretations will most likely differ. For me, experience plays the biggest role since I used to play softball. I know how hard it can be to catch a ball at the rear of the outfield, let alone trying to scale a wall before catching the ball; which proves to me that this young ball girl has a lot of talent. To some people that may be avid baseball fans that attend a lot of games, this could be an event they will never forget, but for me, it is just a very impressive video that I will probably potentially forget about due to my lack of interest in baseball. I do not have doubts that this video is not real or accurate. Crazier things happen every day! After going step by step through the perception process, I see a very talented young girl that has the potential to be a great player on a ball team. Awesome Ball Girl and Perception. (2016, Sep 29).

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example ition, it I concerned with modern industrial relations, for instance, it balances organizational practices with regulations that arise from collective bargaining and legislative laws. From the definition above, I would disagree that every manager is HR manager; however, I would argue that management of human resources is part of every manager’s job. Not every manager takes part in the recruitment and selection of employees, however, the rest of the definition of human resource management holds to every manager. Managers have the ability to functional guide their teams/departments, organization as whole and/or individual employees. For instance, the corrective actions in which managers perform effectively provide re-directional guidance for the employees’ behaviors (Kumar, 2011). Every manager comes into contact with people hence manages them by doing some fundamental HR management. They are required effectively to influence the teams they head to complete the task, managing the individuals on the team make a portion of their job same as the HR manager. In the case, the team members fail to get along well, or other problems arise, the most likely per son to deal with the situation is the manager. Further, managers are undoubtedly involved in employee training and development. On the process, they evaluate them so as to promote them. Generally, every manager is plainly attempting to enhance the adequacy or effectiveness of their workers by regulating them, advising them, correcting them and motivating them (Kumar,

Slavery Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery Trade - Essay Example As the report stresses various abolitionist laws were instituted, though slave trade still grew dramatically spreading to the Northern parts of the American continent.   During this time, there was a gradual growth and expansion of the cotton industry. With the tremendous expansion of the cotton industries which were mostly found in the southern part of the American continent, labor force became a challenge to the industry stakeholders. Acquiring and retaining an adequate workforce that could carry out the day to day activities within the cotton industry became a major challenge to the industry players thus they had to seek a solution.From this paper it is clear that  most of the laborers within the cotton industry at that time were of British origin and were only available as indenture servants. These laborers offered their services in the cotton fields and industry on contractual basis, thus were never reliable to the industry players. They had the tendency of signing contracts that were indenture in nature. They in return received payments in various forms for their services in cotton industries and fields. In most cases, the laborers received payment in the form of upkeep. The cotton field owners and the industry stakeholders had to offer upkeep for the laborers as payment for the services they offered in their fields and cotton industries. Either, the laborers received passage from the cotton field owners and industry owners for the services they offered.

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

No Topic - Assignment Example The idea behind this sentence means the simple fact that the more we try to develop our society and humanity at large; we are indirectly destroying the future. It was only few years back when we started globally developing ourselves in order to grow. Generally it has been seen that the ways of the humanity actually harms the balance of the nature and impact the environment. Since time immemorial humankind protected itself against nature, now nature must be safeguarded against mankind. Nature is the most important aspect of atmosphere, protecting it should be our foremost responsibility. Specifically risk are the "worldwide house" the Antarctic, sea couches, tropical timberlands, with numerous species debilitated by the insatiable development of interest for new inputs, while earths climate is overburdened with the buildups development deserts. Thus, it was during the 1980s that the ascent of a worldwide environmental cognizance was communicated by numerous voices, all regretting the dangers to the worlds biosphere and the offence to the eras to come. The group obligation to protect the "regular legacy of humanity" was conjured, and "Tending to the Earth" turned into a basic which disturbed spirits worldwide. Regard for the uprightness of nature, autonomously of its esteem for people, and in addition a legitimate respect for the privileges of mankind requested that the global nature should be secured. There have been numerous examples used by the author which shows how efficiently we have been destroying the nature in an irreparable way. All these were given with the sole motive to make us understand that we human beings are gradually destroying the nature and the misbalancing the universe with this act of ours. The in return will try and defend itself in a very ruthless ways. Ways which cannot be sustained by mankind. Until and unless we try and stop ourselves, we will have to face the nature’s fury at some point in future when

Are people afraid of saying the truth against the government in public Essay

Are people afraid of saying the truth against the government in public - Essay Example However, governments often try to protect the interest of the public who voted in favor of them in the parliament elections. Thus lots of controversies will take place about the governmental policies among the public. Some people argue that people in a democratic country do not have the fear or concerns while opposing controversial governmental policies whereas some others argue that people are afraid of protesting against the controversial governmental policies. In this paper, I argue that in most of the times, general public are afraid of saying the truth against the government in public. Many people believe that, irrespective of rich or poor, people have the authority to protest against the governmental policies. However, in reality, poor people always stay away from protesting against the controversial governmental policies. Elite groups in the society always get lot of benefits from the government. Their influence on the government is comparatively more than that of the poor or disadvantaged people. Most of the politicians have the habit of approaching the poor people only when they were contesting elections. Thereafter, they will forget about the poor people. On the other hand, wealthy people or influential people always have a big say in the governmental policies. Therefore, their interests will be protected most of the times and the governmental policies affect only the poor people. As part of social security measures, governments give some benefits to the poor people. Governments can withdraw such benefits, if poor people protest against governmental policies. Such a fear prevents poor people from protesting against the government. The following report appeared on The guardian (Tuesday 22 January 2013) is relevant here. Campaigning charities are increasingly fearful of speaking out on behalf of vulnerable people because of the widespread

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions Essay

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions - Essay Example Such people quote the opinions of British council of education like agencies; UK has an outstanding global reputation for innovative research and the delivery of quality education and UK qualifications are recognised and respected throughout the world (British Council, n. d), to strengthen their argument. On the other hand, critics of current education system believe that the current educational methods are drilling people to answer "undemanding questions to satisfy the needs of league tables and national targets" and the pupil have less ideas about how to solve problems, use critical thinking or apply mathematics in science etc. Even the better teachers forced to teach to the test to meet the demands of school league tables which draws mainly on the recalling of facts, with no reference to logic or mathematics (BBC News, 2008). As stated above the educational standards in UK is debatable as many educationalists differ in their opinions. Different studies yielded different results and it is necessary to research about the standards of education in UK at present to give the educationalists and the public more comprehensive ideas about the British education system. This research addresses the core questions like; Do the educational standards in UK going up or down? What are the merits and demerits of British educational system at present? What are the major issues in British educational system at present? What about the cost factor and the quality of education in UK at present? Guskey (2008) has defined educational standards as the goals of teaching and learning. He has also pointed out that the major issues prevailing in educational system at present are with respect to the standards (Guskey, 2008, p.1). The call for higher educational standards is a never ending one. The scope or space for improvement in educational system is immense as knowledge is exploding from all the corners, virtually in every minute/second. It is difficult to change the

Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J Essay

Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J. Crawford - Essay Example Due to their tradition, oral tradition is a way of passing down history, laws, and religion. For an example, the Lakota people tell Ehanni stories to explain creation, or how everything and the world was created. Ohunkakan stories give guidelines on good behavior. Ehanni Wicowoyake relates the stories of Lakota history. In Native American Religious Traditions, Crawford explains how the three tribes focused on for this book use oral tradition uniquely. An example would England and Russia both have literary history, but they way it is written or presented is different. Like with the oral tradition, the Lakota, Dine, and Coast Salish have diverse ceremonial practices. The Lakota has one of the most recognized ceremonial practices of the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance has been portrayed in different movies inaccurately as a ceremony an adolescent man is forced to dance around a pole with needles embedded in his body hooked by string to the pole. Crawford explains the Sun Dance better. The needles are actually bones, the strings are leather thongs, and the pole a tree that never touches the ground specially prepared for the event. After the pole is erected dancing begins at sunrise with the dancers looking at the sun. Anyone can dance with short breaks, but no food or water. This lasts four days. The self-sacrificers prepared during this time. Then male volunteers who wanted something like a cure for a sick relative, tribal purification, and so forth would be pierced in both sides by buffalo bones tied to leather straps. The goal is to get the bone from yo ur body by dancing around the pole. It is a purification ceremony. This and other ceremonies are explained in Crawford’s book. Finally, Crawford looks honestly at a shameful part of American history; the colonization of the Native Americans. All Native Americans encountering European settlers faced the civilization process of Christianity. The Europeans felt

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place Research Paper

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place - Research Paper Example Bullying can include a series of incidents when overt or covert aggression can be inflicted on a person through spreading of rumors, withholding data, blocking promotion, or inflicting psychological abuse through exclusion (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Horizontal violence is also a form of bullying, but it involves non-physical acts of aggression between employees of similar hierarchical positions. It includes: criticizing, insulting, undermining, and bickering (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Mobbing involves negative actions of a group directed towards one employee. Parties involved may be those of higher positions abusing those in power positions. Workplace abuse may either be physical through shoving, pushing, and be kicking, or it may also be verbal through berating or threatening; it may be active or passive, and it may also be directly or indirectly carried out. In healthcare, studies and reviews indicate that these workers are about 16 times more likely to suffer workplace violence as compared to other employees. Moreover, nurses who are often at the frontline of health services are subjected to abuse from family members of patients. These nurses are unavoidably exposed to these dangers because they are exposed to patients who have issues related to substance abuse, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, mental health problems, and other social issues. In effect, the patient’s health issues and unfavorable conditions when they face nurses create dangerous scenarios for nurses.

Tuberculosis & Antibiotic resistance Essay Example for Free

Tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance Essay Tuberculosis (TB), also known as consumption, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB is the leading cause of death in the world among reported deaths caused by a bacterial infectious disease. The disease affects 1.8 billion people per year, which is equal to one-third of the entire world population (Todar). Pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for the majority of the TB cases in the United States (Todar). Bovine tuberculosis is another infectious form of TB caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). M. bovis is the etiologic agent of TB in cows and rarely in humans. Both cows and humans can serve as reservoirs. Humans can also be infected with M. bovis by the consumption of unpasteurized milk. This route of transmission can lead to the development of extrapulmonary TB, exemplified in history by bone infections that led to hunched backs (Todar). M. bovis accounts for only 1% of TB cases in humans in the United States. Another bacterium associated with TB that forms in patients with the late stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is Mycobacterium avium-intrecellulare (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). According to Todar, M. tuberculosis is a fairly large nonmotile rod-shaped bacterium distantly related to the Actinomycetes. The rods are 2-4 micrometers in length and 0.2-0.5 um in width. Many non-pathogenic mycobacteria are components of the normal flora of humans, found most often in dry and oily locations. M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe. For this reason, in the classic case of tuberculosis, MTB complexes are always found in the well-aerated upper lobes of the lungs. The bacterium is a facultative intracellular parasite, usually of macrophages, and has a slow generation time, 15-20 hours, and a physiological characteristic that may contribute to its virulence. Todar also states that the cell wall structure of M. tuberculosis deserves special attention because it is unique among procaryotes, and it is a major determinant of virulence for the bacterium. The cell wall complex contains peptidoglycan, but otherwise it is composed of complex lipids. Over 60% of the mycobacterial cell wall is lipid. The lipid fraction of MTBs cell wall consists of three major components, mycolic acids, cord factor, and wax-D. Mycolic acids are unique alpha-branched lipids found in cell  walls of Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium. They make up 50% of the dry weight of the mycobacterial cell envelope. Mycolic acids are strong hydrophobic molecules that form a lipid shell around the organism and affect permeability properties at the cell surface. Mycolic Acids are thought to be a significant determinant of virulence in MTB. Probably, they prevent attack of the mycobacteria by cationic proteins, lysozyme, and oxygen radicals in the phagocytic granule. They also protect extracellular mycobacteria from complement deposition in serum (Todar). TB has many structural and physiological properties that have been recognized for their contribution to mycobacterial virulence and pathology (Todar). According to Tortora, Funke, and Case, an important factor in the pathogenicity of the mycobacteria, rod-shaped bacteria with waxy outer coats (NIAID), probably is that the mycolic acids of the cell wall strongly stimulate an inflammatory response in the host. In the initial stage there are no symptoms of the disease but the infection is present when tubercle bacilli reach the aveoli of the lung and are ingested by macrophages and also some evade ingestion, and therefore, survive. In stage two, the tubercle bacilli multiply in the macrophages causing a chemotactic response that brings additional macrophages and other defensive cells to the area forming a surrounding layer and in turn an early tubercle. The surrounding macrophages are not successful in destroying bacteria but release enzymes and cytokines that cause lung damaging inflammation. During stage three, symptoms of the disease appear as many macrophages die, releasing tubercle bacilli and forming a caseous center in then tubercle. Many of the tubercle will remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease. The disease may be arrested at this stage, and lesions become calcified. In stage four of infection, symptoms of the disease appear in some patients as a mature tubercle is formed. As the disease progresses the caseous center enlarges in a process called liquefaction. When the caseous center enlarges, an air-filled tuberculous cavity is formed in which the aerobic bacilli multiply outside of the macrophages. In stage five, liquefaction continues until the tubercle ruptures, which allows bacilli to spill into a bronchiole and then disseminate throughout the lungs and into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. These five stages are how the disease progresses when the defenses of the body fail. In most healthy individuals,  the infection is arrested, and fatal TB does not develop (Tortora, Funke, and Case 689).

Evaluating Reference Sources Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Reference Sources Essay After gathering reference sources, carefully examine them with specific and general questions designed to determine whether they are relevant to the research question or topic under consideration. There are four primary questions to ask about a list of references, including: 1) How well do sources answer the question? 2) Does an expert provide the information? 3) Is the source valid? and 4) Is there a variety of references included, and not just one point of view?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The way to decide if a source is appropriate is to read the Table of Contents and Indexes inside a book and see if the material matches your topic. In an article, read the captions underneath the pictures and charts first, then the first sentence of each paragraph. Usually the pictures and graphs will give you the gist of the article, while the text helps to explain it. Be careful to consider the credentials of all references. Someone with experience, training, and certification in a field of study is considered an expert. Their studied opinion will then substantiate your opinions on a topic. For example, a PhD psychologist working with children for 30 years would be more of an expert on attention deficit than, say, an auto mechanic. Other questions to consider are the following: 1.Is the information unbiased? For example, do you accept a claim from the Sugar Growers Association that sugar is necessary to the human diet and does not cause cavities or Type II Diabetes? 2. Do the authors openly report their sources? Be careful of research articles that do not give full information. 3. Do authors state their research methods as well as results? If methods are not discussed, the research may be faulty. 4. Is the research up-to-date? For example, if you are writing about hybrid cars, an article from 1943 is not valid. Generally use sources that are 5 – 10 years old or newer. Finally, it is important to use a variety of points of view and opinions concerning a topic so that there will be enough evidence from all sides for making a balanced judgment. Do not depend only on a single source, or look for material biased only toward a particular point of view. Collect several appropriate sources, and review the combined information from that collection in order to analyze it to determine your own opinion. Using the questions above, you will have chosen information that is balanced, current, detailed, and scientifically correct. REFERENCES Arlov, P. (2007).Wordsmith: A Guide to College Writing. Third Edition. Prentice Hall Arlov, P. (2004).Wordsmith: A Guide to College Writing. Second Edition. Prentice Hall

Main Stages Involved In Capacity Management Tourism Essay

Main Stages Involved In Capacity Management Tourism Essay Capacity management in the tourism industry is measured by the available seat-miles per month. Capacity management is an important factor within hospitality operations as it tests activity for the manager and therefore gives them an indication of the maximum level of value-added over a period of time, so they can see what the operation could achieve in normal conditions. According to Armistead and Clark (1994, p6) Capacity management is the ability to balance demand from customers and the capability of the service delivery system to satisfy the demand. This places an emphasis on understanding first, the nature of demand by forecasting and second, the options for managing capacity to meet the expected demand. The process consists of forecasting and managing capacity, these are made up from smaller components which will be discussed in further details in this report. 2. Forecasting Forecasting is used to identify capacity gaps between product demand and the current capacity. It is an important process in all management decisions not just tourism management; although each situation is different you can apply the same procedures to make realistic capacity decisions within any business. Forecasting methods can be divided into qualitative and quantitative categories which are based on the availability of historical time series data. Establishing the level of demand when forecasting is of the upmost importance as failure to do so can cause over booking and overcrowding. Other eventualities from inaccuracy of forecasting can include incorrect numbers for staff and lack aircrafts which was one of the factors which effected American airlines development in 1990 (Krajewski and Ritzman, p275) . It helps to understand product life cycle as it will impact the capacity. It is also important for a manager to look at external factors such as trends as they will have an effect on the supply and demand of a product or service, these can include; Ageing population- this will affect the quantitative forecasting as our current population is living longer, so you cant use historical data to establish relationships as its continuously changing. Seasonal trends- They can depend social, economic and environmental impacts. This would be best measure by qualitative forecasting. Disposable income- Due to the recession people will have less disposable income. 2.1 Forecasting Techniques There are various different forecasting techniques that cover various timescales, the two most common techniques are: Long-term capacity management For large projects Usually planned over several years In tourism this will involve several departments Short-term capacity management Plan and order resources Usually a monthly, weekly or daily basis Tourism short term capacity management would involve the cleaning of an aircraft Long term planning requires demand forecasts for an extended period of time, the decisions made are often concerned with strategic decisions to ensure achievement of their desired objectives. Short-term capacity management focuses on relatively small time durations and specific processes; they are specifically for smaller levels of operation. Unfortunately, forecast accuracy declines as the forecasting time lengthens. Forecasts also dont allow for competitors actions however waiting line models and decision trees do. 3. Types of forecasting Forecasting methods can be divided into two broad approaches, these are; Qualitative Quantitative The majority of forecasting techniques use past or historical data in the form of time series. One single method is never used on its own as they are both usually interlinked. 3.1Qualitative Forecasting The Qualitative method generally uses the judgment of experts in the appropriate field to generate forecasts. An advantage of this is that experts can generate a forecast if there isnt any historical data available. The main challenge to qualitative data analysis is that there is no clear and accepted set of conventions for analysis corresponding to those observed with quantitative data (Robson, 1993, p.370). The most popular methods of qualitative forecasting are: Delphi technique Scenario writing Subject approach Expert opinion Life cycle analysis 3.2 Quantitative forecasting The Quantitative methods use historical data; the methods consist of analyzing historical data concerning the time series of the particular variable of interest and other time series if they interlink with the area concerned. There are two main methods used within quantitative forecasting, the first method bases the future forecast on a past trends, these are known as time series methods. The second method also uses historical data. But the forecaster examines the cause and effect relationships of the variable with other relevant variables such as; Disposable income Interest rate Unemployment rate The state of the economy e.g. the recession This type of forecasting uses past time series, forecasting techniques that are under this category are called casual methods. 4. Capacity management After deciding what products and services should be on offered, management should then plan the systems capacity. The first step in the Capacity Management process, forecasting, is the best way to judge attendance and understand product life cycle. Therefore Capacity Management itself is used to make sure the capacity, from a tourism managers point of view, meets the targets set. The capacity of an airline usually depends on the location and the available seats per miles, as well as staff, time and other resources which are used. 4.1 Measuring Capacity According to (Krajewski and Ritzman, p276) No single capacity measure is applicable to all types of situations Every manager will have to take other factors into consideration before they measure their capacity. If there is an insufficient capacity it wont be possible to meet all of the demand, therefore to much capacity is provided and this will result in resources not being used to their maximum capability. 4.2 Coping with Demand The need for accurate forecasts of tourism demand to assist managerial decision making is highly important as the tourism product is perishable and if it doesnt meet the demand they lose revenue as an aircraft still has to fly without the demand being met. There are several ways of coping with demand and these are; Keep the activities level of resources constant and ignore any fluctuations. Adjust capacity to match demand. Change the demand to fit the capacity. 4.3 Queuing Theory Queuing theory is important to an as its one of the important factors in meeting their attendees needs. Queues arise when a demand for a service has exceeded the capacity, the customer doesnt get the service straight away upon arrival so they must wait for the service to be ready. This is an important for an airport as they have a random system which customers can arrive at any time; it isnt difficult for an airport to experience queues, but it is important that they deal with them sufficiently. These queues will often build up, disappear in quieter periods and then reappear all the time as there are always flights departing and arriving. Airports offer departing guests waiting rooms and shops to deal with queues and when they arrive they must go through customs which is a slow but easy method for managing the mass amount of people. 4.4 Queue Discipline Most managers will employ a simple queuing method to ensure a positive experience for the customer. These can be; Priority system for certain customers FIFO First In First Out LIFO Last In First Out 5. Conclusion This report has looked at the three main stages involved in capacity management and the different methods available to any manager. Although forecasting isnt always accurate, there is a wide variety of techniques in the first stage which can be used for any method. It is highly important to consider past experience as well as modern trends for more of a refined forecast, failure to do so could lead into an inaccurate forecast. The capacity management stage can then deal with the demand if it is insufficient or too high, then the queuing theory may be taken into consideration. In an airport due to the nature of the business it is unpredictable to measure the amount of customers as people can come and go as they please. This means the queuing theory may or may not make the service time, however if the demand has been manipulated to help predict the expected demand then it will reduce the waiting time and overall give the customer a positive experience. All of the stages combined prepare a tourism manager for any unforeseen outcomes in a tourism service and will allow them to successfully manage any outcome.

Anger and Violence in Of Mice and Men Essays -- literary Analysis, stei

In ‘Of Mice and Men,’ anger and violence is of common recurrence. Anger, as shown by many characters, is always around because of fear, jealousy and anxiety. Lennie †¨is always the source of this anger, whether it be toward him, because †¨of him, or from him. One of the first characters to portray anger in John Steinbeck’s Novel is George, Lennies companion. Straight away in the Novel, anger is shown towards †¨Lennie, Georges anger is because Lennie wants something they do not have, and because it is Lennie who is ‘pleading,’ George is Expected to have it. This is only due to Lennies innocence. George tells him, "Well we aint got no ketchup!" his anger is clearly †¨out of frustration, as he goes on to talk about how he could do "Whatever the hell" he liked if Lennie wasn't around. "I could get my †¨50 bucks at the end of the month and go sit in a cat house and enjoy myself, but no, I'm stuck with you". George is almost saying that Lennie is a burden to him and that if Lennie were to leave George alone, then George would have a more relaxed life. All of this anger that George is giving to Lennie is because George is frustrated at not being able to further his life in a way in which he wants to. Also George and Lennie (and all the other ranch workers) have a dream, when this dream is broken and will never happen, all of the workers get angry and violent to others on the ranch showing their frustration and how they will never get a sense of security, comfort or companions. The first example we see of this, is when Carlson bullies Curley in forcing Curley to let his dog be killed and gotten rid of because â€Å"He ain’t no good to you, Candy. An’ he ain’t no good to himself.† Carlson feels important and in-charge, just like he wanted to be (... ...e barn is because she had a chance to achieve everything she wanted; fame, fortune and glamour and because she fails at becoming an actress and spends her life with a man she hates with only glamour of the three she wanted, she gets very angry and when people do not pay attention to her, such as when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are all in Crooks’ room and she goes there for attention but is told to go away she resorts to anger telling them that she could get them â€Å"strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny† and this showing that she can no longer be turned away by people and takes out years of agony of her dream never coming true on these three guys. As seen in the Novel, most acts of anger and violence are down to failed dreams and hope, with the one or two exceptions and that they are both ways of letting how you feel known and a way to make you feel better.

Davidsons The Folly of Trying to Define Truth :: Philosophy Argumentative Papers

Davidson's "The Folly of Trying to Define Truth" Davidson’s argument against the possibility of defining truth draws upon the work of Tarski. However, Tarski’s assumption that the semantic conception of truth holds only for formal languages which are not semantically closed is not as plausible as it seems to be since it can be shown that this would result in the impossibility of formulating a theory of truth, because the epistemological presuppositions of formal semantics undermine any theory of representation of reality in which our cognitions can be true or false representations. Yet Davidson concludes that "there cannot be a definition of ‘For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if . . . s . . . L’." I am challenging Davidson by introducing into his above scheme my own definition of truth — "For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if we prove s in L" — and then showing how to prove this definition philosophically. I. Introduction: Can we define truth? Davidson argues for "the folly of trying to define truth" and claims that Tarski's "accomplishment was accompanied by a proof that truth cannot (given various plausible assumptions) be defined in general" (Davidson, 1996:269). Tarski's plausible assumptions are that his "semantic conception of truth" can be formulated only for formal languages which are not semantically closed. But these assumptions are not so plausible as they seem since it can be shown that if we accept them it is impossible to formulate a theory of truth because the epistemological presuppositions of formal semantics undermine any theory of representation of reality in which our cognitions can be true or false representations (Nesher, 1996). Yet Davidson concludes from Tarski's theory of truth that "there cannot be definition of `For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if ... s ... L'." I would like to start by challenging Davidson about his claim for the impossibility of defining truth and to introduce into his above scheme my own definition of truth; then I will show how to prove this definition philosophically: [1] `For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if we prove s in L'. We can see immediately that the plausible assumptions of Tarski's "semantic conception of truth" for semantically formal languages do not hold in my definition of truth since I define truth in the same language in which it is used.

Muzak :: Personal Narrative Papers

Muzak Ã…  .a true storyÃ…  So there I was last year, walking through the supermarket on an afternoon like any other, trying to get everything I needed: Ã…  picking over the vegetables, as out of a murky fog, I realized that my foot was tapping out a sonorous beat, apparently out of my concentration. What's more amazing, I now see, is that the lazy rhythm from my foot matches a melody which has been ringing behind my thoughts as I decided what kind of onions to buy&emdash;also without me being fully aware of it. All of a sudden, a minor physical revulsion causes me to set down my basket on the produce, my body trying to exorcise this foreign invasion. What is this thing? And that tune! It sounds like a watered-down version of Eric Clapton's acoustic "Layla", terribly deflated and played by a bunch of sixty-year-old orchestra players&emdash;I am still not too sure. But it will not seem to go awayÃ…  .the soothing sounds turn malicious as they bounce off the walls of the nutrition center, the meat department, housewares. Everyone I see is milling around like before, are they hearing what fills my ears? Is that same insidious song playi ng with their minds? Now that I focus on the music rambling from the loudspeaker in the ceiling, it appears as if they are all part of a silent movie&emdash;acting against a separate, unrelated soundtrack. When I first started exploring background music, I came to realize that the issue involves much more than those whiny songs wafting from crappy mono speakers in department stores. It stretches far beyond these simple associations, significantly affecting the changing workplace and worker control, as well as the site of consumption and consumer control. Muzak is now a tool widely used around the world&emdash;liked by most people, revered by some, and detested by others. That's Muzak, not 'muzak' It is important to understand here that Muzak is not just another term for background (or, annoying) music; it should not be confused with the numerous impostors which play in elevators and the like. It is the name of an American corporation and its sophisticated business programming . As one of its brochures explains succinctly, "The raw material of Muzak is music." And why is music unable to achieve the same results as their product? Because music is art, but Muzak it science. And when you employ the science of Muzak: in an office, workers tend to get more done, more efficiently, and felt happier.

In Defence of Harry Flashman Essay

It is understandable why the first mention of the character of Harry Flashman – the opportunistic philanderer of his Majesty’s service who lied and cheated his cowardly way through the Victorian pages of his fictional memoirs by George MacDonald Fraser – is enough to deter the browsing lady, though far be it from anyone to say it should. Since patterns of book-buying snake across the sexes like a flailing sidewinder, it would be hopeless to say as to where on the shop shelf the hand might lay to rest. Nevertheless, for a series of stories far too overlooked for the public’s common good, what could the otherwise fairer sex also find to appreciate in a man whose charm seems as fictitious as the women who fall for it? To put it more simply: can this man – to borrow the blurb – be all bad? If the name â€Å"Flashman† is shouting forward from the back of your mind, dare the â€Å"Lord Flashheart† be named as the bothering heckler? Don’t think him an unwanted associate, for ‘Blackadder’s’ slavering womaniser could be seen as an exaggeration of the â€Å"Flashman persona† and certainly close to what Harry himself may have become had he not, by hand and boot of queen and empire, been thrown into the Flemingesque scenarios he haphazardly emerged from, some the wiser and better-shaped. Unlike the all-consuming debauchery of his comedic counterpart, Harry’s lechery is merely a tempered impetus; punctuating his desire for the English comforts that makes for the only form of patriotism you’ll see in him, if you can call it patriotism – the patriotism of Bond it most certainly is not. What differs Harry from James is awareness, and when taking stock, the idiom trumps the ammo. It would be daft to credit Harry’s decision making with the weighing of political consequence, however; that would be a laughable excuse; something he doesn’t begin to admit. It’s fear that has his mind running back to the jolly English riff-raff and the spread of beds that await. Though isn’t to think with your legs the best strategy for the reporter? Reluctant maybe, Harry is a better reporter than he is a soldier. This cowardice kept him alive ’til a time when he could afford to admit the truth. Concerning the First Afghan War, the truth about a man, General Elphinestone who single-handedly stripped the meat from his ranks as he rung them through the Khord-Kabul pass on their retreat from Afghanistan. Long after witnessing rom on high, the massacre of the regiments from which he had high-tailed the night before, Flashman verbally guts he whom he declares â€Å"No fate could be bad enough for†: â€Å"I still state unhesitatingly, that for pure, vacillating stupidity, for superb incompetence to command, for ignorance combined with bad judgement – in short for the true talent for catastrophe, Elphy outshines all as the greatest military idiot of our own or any other day†¦ † Now what a sorry waste of insightful wit it would have been to have it lost amidst the idiot pride of a fellow more gallant than Harry. Elphinestone is not alone; Harry considers many of the figures he meets to be – to varying degrees – morons, despite his care to concede a grace here and there. It’s no surprise that he met such a top-heavy pile of fools; he was, after all, involved in some of the worst disasters of British imperialism – all the more reason to flee when he could. But you know the fastidious type. Perhaps you’ve a friend whom fits this description, in which case, you’ll understand how empowering it feels to have them praise you – you’re worth a cheer! When chance encounter pairs Harry with one he considers of rare dignity, you too, as the reader, hold them as praiseworthy, or rather, worthy of investigation. It was in 1842 when he jumped into the carriage of Lola Montez – an Irish dancer girl turned adventuress of Europe whose life was spent â€Å"playing with kingdoms† as one might romantically say. Her appearances in ‘Royal Flash’ are glimpses; moments too brief to capture her entirety, yet he alludes to a life beyond the pages with so delicate a respect that one is inspired to follow. Whilst Harry never himself existed, he may as well have. It’s very easy to speak of his personality as anything but fictional. Perhaps to no great surprise considering we get to know the fellow through his own confessions, worded not merely to the benefit of his own authenticity, either. The true blue honesty rubs off well onto those he brushes shoulders with. It’s what we have to thank this bounder for – dramatising without disfiguring a past of characters pallid to most today and enriching the pursuit of history for ourselves. Harry once said about the Earl of Cardigan, that some human faults are military virtues; for Harry, some human faults are literary virtues.

Benefits of Carrot

Carrots stick out varied health edges. It is nourishing and fibre- squiffy vegetables, disregarding of whether you devour them entirely or in a fluid. The reco really strength of cultivated cultivated cultivated carrot juice has many, e.g., it washbasin adjust glucose, lighten blockage, combats against irritation, call forths the standard of eyesight, recyclable for the properly creation of copper and trim etc. Inferable from their recuperating characteristics, they whitethorn beput in straightforward on wounds, gawk to speedy cured them.Here atomic number 18 a few medical advantages of carrot fluids.1. Advantages for the fell- For those who shoot a emphasize marked by skin issues, give carrot drink to your daily food. A considerable measuring stick of diet A in carrots, give you safety against avariety of skin issues and economic aid you in preserving your skin healthier. transfer extra carrots for your regular eating bite and you may build the skins wellbeing. r endering carrot is very much useful in keeping your skin energetic, vibrant and solid. consume carrot fluid regularly may aid to put pip many scars or blemishedpores and skin. Carrots welcome an affluent quantity of vitamin C which is a powerful soluble antioxidant, enables skin to recuperate quicker from alfresco injuriesand damage. This Vitamin overly requires for keeping up the flexibleness of the skin.So, everyday use of carrots provoke assist in chipping wrinkles, and be lag down the way towards maturing. Carotenoids and cell reinforcements properties in carrots match the skin to beautify granting resistance in opposition to dangerous solar rays andrecuperate sunburns. Doctors advise drinking carrot fluids in summers as it fills in asa herbal solar blocking specialist.Dry skin is normally as a result of leave out of potassium inside the body. Carrots are wealthy resources of potassium, and everyday utilization naturally prompts skin hydrous and moisturize. The be ta-carotene, an element in carrotis useful in repairing skin tissues. 2. Benefits of HairA carrot has the ability to advertise hair thickness and improve hair nourishment.Filled with Vitamin A, carrots female genitals provide a bunch of benefits in your hair Carrots are powerful in battling baldness, forming it dense, dazzling, lengthy and very intense. Carrots have extensive Vitamin C and E which locoweed enhance railway line circulation in your scalp and in the long run put a stop to unseasonable hair greying.Lift Immune Function- Carrots be possessed of a few sterile and healthful capabilities that lead them to perfect for boosting the immune procedure.Beta-carotene, an immune-boosting nutrient, superpower assist you to keep healthy and guard unhealthy micro reed organism. A seasons bleak virus can stick around for mayhap a couple weeks,making it troublesome to go to work or school. In Carrots at that place is a plenty of vitamin Cwhich is an antimicrobial, can assis t to reduce the intensity of a cold as early as possible.Indeed, if you sign up two glasses of carrot press every day, can enhance your immunity almost 70%4.Brings down declension Pressure- Excessive LDL cholesterol may be a political boss aspect inflicting coronary heart sicknesses. Carrots havehuge amounts of dietetical fibre of their roots that enables to put off extra LDL cholesterol from thepartitions of arteries and blood vessels. So as to stop heart-related issues, it is overbearing to intakegood quantities of carrots regularly.Researchers have discovered that consuming carrots regularlycan simplification the chances of stroke by 68%. Carrots have an opulent resource of kibibytewhich can boost to keep control of your cholesterol level. Potassium that may be a vasodilator mayloosen up the anxiety in your veins and arteries and by reducing the strain on the circulatory system.As low as cholesterol levels change magnitude the chances of coronary illness and stroke.Regu late Diabetes- Carrots are glorious for glucose regulation thanks to the carotenoids, antioxidants, available in them.They may be regarded as comparative affect insulin resistance and as a result, bring down glucose and lead a sound life.6. Help in Digestion- Carrots have a decent quantity of dietetical fibre in their roots. Fibre provides plenitude to stool, which encourages it to pass smoothly via the digestive tract. By and large, this diminishes theseverity of astringency.Enhance Eyesight- Carrots are also very much useful for your eyes. Insufficiencies of vitamin A leave alone cause a few issueslike beholding in the fuzzy light. Carrots are fill with vitamin A which supports to enhance eyesight and stop the situation like night optical deficiency or the incapability to conform to in dim light-weight or unimportance from creating as we grow older. Beta-carotene has likewise been appeared to ensure against macular degeneration and decrepit cataracts.Defends Teeth and Gum s -Carrots can smooth your tooth and mouth as well. It can activate gums and cause a tout ensemble lot of spit, and protect your tooth against cavity-forming bacteria. Just Feed them at the tip of a meal and decreasethe danger of cavities. The minerals in carrots avoid tooth harm.Liver arctic- Carrot concentrate might also assist to defense your liver organ from the harmful impacts ofenvironmental chemicals.So, you could eat them crude or baked and brought to just about moderately much any dinner you can consider. Marginally sweet taste and well-rounded health benefits make carrots well-liked. Thus, make a habit to take part in your everyday meal routine and pick up all the health blessings they must provide.

Fly High with Sti College Angeles

aviate High with STI College apotheosises A. INTRODUCTION July 11, 2012 1015 A. M (1st Semester of S. Y 2012-2013) It is her second hebdomad in her sunrise(prenominal) job as a accentuateeting officer Ms. Eleanor Pineda is very enthusiastic opus checking the STI College Angeles Strategic Plans for 2012. It has been viii (8) forms that STI College Angeles is not achieving the intercommunicate number of out addition stratum disciples that must be inscribeed each civilise year, not to mention that the shortage is majority fractional of what is projected. This is alarming Madam. Eleanor Pineda That is correct and it is disturbing in our end. We afford been working it out to hit and surpassed either years projection, however the competition with all the colleges and universities much(prenominal) or less(prenominal) Angeles urban center makes the competition stiffer. As you bunghole ob lot, we atomic number 18 placed in a foodstuff virginal with lots of tertia ry informs which also offers diverse courses. Ms. Rowena T. Selom, administrator STI College Angeles. This discharge definitely serve as a challenge to you Eleanor as a bleakly hire Marketing incumbent.You will be in-charge in ab initio encouraging fresh graduates of secondary level to be part of our nurture, and promoting our identity deep down the circle of Pampanga. My dexterity can be of befriend in inner(a) marketing, for we make sure that all professors and instructors atomic number 18 suitable and come upon all the requirements as label by CHED and TESDA. This is to ensure that quality gentility is being disposed to our pupils. Mrs. Avelina A. Pena, academic Head STI College Angeles. Thank you Madam, I will surely be implying helpful hands for me to bechance the projection of the school. Eleanor Pineda Competition stops stiffer, The urban center College of Angeles will mother virtuoso of our greatest concerns, since according to the vernals I know heard, the construction of its construction (class room and laboratories) will be fully utilized by second semester of this school year. It might even compete well with sanctum sanctorum Angel University and Angeles University Foundation, beca handling hearsays is that it will offer affordable reading fees alike all other government initiated colleges. Indeed, we should interpret that scenario as well. Mary Ann Canlas, Finance managing director. A twinkling of silence engrossed the room Oh.. before I forget, I would like to remind you that our monthly get together for July will be on Friday next week (July 20, 2012) together with our Pre slopent, Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit. Eleanor please continue looking at the concerns we give on falling to achieve our projected number of youthful students each year. Kindly hammer ideas and recommendations that would help STI College Angeles sustain its existence, profitably. Ill give my crush Madam, and pay only the best. , this statement was followed by a confident smile and a wink. Everyone separated thoroughfare and work accordingly B. COMPANY BACKGROUND SYLLABUS, Inc. cathode-ray oscilloscope SYLLABUS, INC. (Symbol Sciences Languages and Laboratories for Business, Incorporation) was established with the purpose of bringing to the country side the fast emerging instruction technology. The comp any believed that done applied science the Filipino youth can turn truly globally competitive.Sharing the equivalent vision for the Filipino youth, thru dealership agreement with Systems Technology play (STI) the root STI school in Pampanga was opened. In February 12, 1987 at Evangelista Bldg. , macintosh Arthur Hiway, Angeles City (now located at Agsons Bldg. , mackintosh Arthur Hiway Balibago, Angeles City). Through the constant change in the labor STI diversified its crop slowly integrated itself into learning persistence as a school that bequeaths unbounded career opportunities finished ICT- enhance, non-IT programs such as the B.S in Business Administration and BS in Hotel restaurant and focussing. STI College Angeles branch was the pioneer immunity of SYLLABUS, Inc. , and because of the passion of Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit to infinitely be a channel of quality bringing up he later on judged to exemption other STI College sites STI College San Fernando (1988), STI College Nueva Ecija (1991) and STI College Guagua (1998). Unfortunately, because of sparing crisis and downturns STI College Guagua and Nueva Ecija were closed, leaving San Fernando and Angeles in its existence. STI San Fernando is located at 2/F Titas Bldg. Gapan-Olongapo Road, City of San Fernando (Capital), Pampanga and is label as the main branch of STI College under the franchise of SYLLABUS. SYLLABUS, Inc. Vision and armorial bearing Vision Statement To be a world-class institution primarily occupied in education and training offering a wide range of technology based courses. Mission Statement SY LLABUS, Inc. exists primarily for bringing high quality, technology based education and training to areas outside the thermionic valve Manila in edict to assist in the process of countryside ontogeny and de-urbanization.It is also the purpose of SYLLABUS, Inc. to undertake its resources of people, money, technology and management know how in order to establish upstream and downstream enterprises and subsidiaries that will infinitely provide opportunities for the companys own graduates, faculty, round and the community at blown-up. STI COLLEGE.. A Taste of accounting It all first baseed when quartette visionaries conceptualized setting up a training center to fill very limited manpower needs. It was in the early 80s when disdainfulo C. Lagman, Herman T. Gamboa, Benjamin A. Santos, and Edgar H.Sarte quaternion entrepreneurs and friends came together to set up Systems Technology Institute, a training center that delivers basic programming education to professionals and stu dents who want to learn this new skill. Lagman, Gamboa, and Sarte were all to a great extent involved in the growing computing device industry, while Santos just retired from his IT position in a pharmaceutical company. Sartes software endure, Systems Resources Incorporated (SRI), kept losing programmers and analysts to jobs abroad. Programmers and analysts were a rare breed then, with only a a couple of(prenominal) training centers offering courses on computer programming. in that respect was derive need to find and hire people for SRI, and finish the need of a growing business industry that was migrating to automated or computerized business processes. The founders transformed the line into an opportunity. Systems Technology Institutes name came from unfathomable brainstorming sessions among the founders, perhaps from Sartes penchant for three-letter acronyms from the companies he managed at the time. The first two schools were inaugurated on August 21, 2983 in Buendia, M akati and in Espana, Manila and offered basic computer programming courses.With a unique and superior return on their hands, it was not difficult to expand the franchise through the founders business contacts. A year after the first two schools opened, the franchise grew to include STI Binondo, Cubao, and Taft. A unique value proposition spelled the difference for the STI imperfection then First Well Tech You, Then Well absorb You. Through its unique Guaranteed Hire Program (GHP), all restricted graduates were offered jobs by one of the founders companies, or through their contacts in the industry. The schools 1st batch of graduates, all 11 of them, were hired by SRI.And through GHP, more qualified STI graduates found themselves working in their field of touch on straight out of school. No one among the four founders imagined that the Systems Technology Institute would become a college, or would grow to waste over degree centigrade schools crossways the country. But it did, all because of its unique value proposition, the synergism between the founders and their personnel, and the managements faithfulness to quality. in the first place the 1990s ended, STI also recognized the younger contemporariess need to superior IT-enabled education.It was during this time that STI parachuteed to think into basic and secondary education. With its vast experience in managing tertiary level campuses, STI understood the responsibility of providing the same quality of learning tools and experiences to preparatory, elementary, and high school students. The final result was the launch of the STI Basic Education and STI High teach. The STI Colleges provide associate, baccalaureate, and masteral programs in the fields of entropyrmation and Communications Technology (ICT), Engineering, Business and vigilance, Hospitality and Tourism Management, Education, and Healthcare.These programs are punctually accredited by the Commission on high Education (CHED) and the T echnical Education and Skills Development assurance (TESDA). TESDA programs under the Colleges can also be ladderized with exit points that equip graduates with TESDA Certifications and the option to continue further studies in programs accredited by CHED. STI Vision We envision a technologically empowered society whose development and growth is driven by a knowledge-based workforce. STI Mission To be the leader in ICT-enabled human resource development through innovative learning and career plan methodologies.STI Values * Respect * Excellence * Malasakit * Meritocracy * Teamwork * Entrepreneurship * Service The side by side(p) individuals are those who have control and influence in the finding making activities of STI College Angeles (SYLLABUS). Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit SYLLABUS, Inc. President Ms. Mary Ann CanlasFinance Manager Ms. Rowena T. SelomSchool Administrator Angeles branch Ms. Avelina A. PenaAcademic Head Angeles branch Ms. Eleanor PinedaMarketing Officer Angeles bra nch Mr. Leo AdaptanteChannel Manager for North and cardinal Luzon direct employer STI Headquarters (oversees the operation and sustainability f STI Colleges franchise) C. sedulousness BACKGROUND STI College Angeles has been vivacious in Balibago, Angeles City for 25 years, pursuing its commitment in delivering quality profit to all students who aspire to become professionals with its affordable schooling fees. It occupies the 2nd to 5th floor of Agsons Bldg. in Balibago, accompanied with two (2) computer laboratories, one (1) kitchen laboratory, one (1) bar set-up laboratory, one (1) hotel room, one (1) electronics room, one (1) subroutine library and eight (8) classrooms for lecture setup. Class hour is within 700am to 600 pm.STI College Angeles offers two-year courses (under the supervision of TESDA) that have ladderized program, four-year courses (under the supervision of CHED), and special courses such as song Center reading, Effective Keyboarding Training, and Personal ity Development Trainings. STI serve students from the 33 barangays of Angeles, Mabalacat, Dau, Porac, and Tarlac. Within the neighbourhood of Angeles, it tries to thread enrollees from the existing 46 Secondary Schools especially fourth year students. COURSES OFFERED by STI College Angeles Four grade Courses Two Year Special Courses B. S electronic computer Science (BSCS) familiar spirit in computing machine Technology (ACT) B. S Information Technology (BSIT) Associate in Hotel and eating place go (HRS) B. S Office Administration (BSOAd) authentication in reckoner Electronics Technology (CCEP) B. S Business Management (BSBM) Certificate in Call Center Training B. S Hotel and eating place Management (BSHRM) Certificate in Effective Keyboarding Training B. S Tourism (BSTM) Certificate in Personality Development Training Its CompetitorsAngeles City has more than 60 schools (from primary, secondary, tertiary, and graduate schools) within its c ircle, and about 17 out of the 60 offers college courses. True enough, STI College Angeles is life story in a school saturated purlieu and competition is getting stiffer each school year. beneath is the matrix of all the competitors of STI College Angeles. (Source Marketing annoyance created by Mr. Mark Lagman, calculator Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) College/University Distance fromSTI Courses Offered breeding Fee(Per Semester) Estimated Population(as of S.Y 11-12) Angeles University Foundation 3 Km MedicineNursingLawHRM computing machine ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. ManagementEducationCriminologyPsychology 26,000 to 45,000 9,000 Holy Angel University 4. 5 Km AccountingNursingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. Management EducationHRMCriminologyPsychology 27,000 to 40,000 12,000 Re human beings primal Colleges 4 Km EducationNursingHRMManagementAccountingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Comp. SecretarialComp. Technician 21,000 to 28, 000 2,000 Systems Plus College Foundation 1 Km BS computer ScienceBS Info.Technology BS Bus. AdministrationBS Comp EngineeringBS ECEBS HRMBS in TourismBS Nursing 26,000 to 45,000 4,000 Systems Plus Computer College 4 Km 2yr Computer Science with Photoshop2-yr Info Technician with AutoCADD 2yr Comp Technology2yr Computer Secretarial2 yr HRSCaregiver2-yr Comp Engineering Major in Networking Technology 15,000 to 18,000 700 Mega Computer College 4 Km 2yr Comp Science2yr Comp EngineeringIntegrated Programming1-year Computer Technician2yr Comp Technology 15,700 to 17,000 250 AMA Computer College Angeles City 4. Km BS Bus AdministrationBS Info TechnologyBS Computer ScienceBS Comp EngineeringBS Electronics Communications Engineering 19,000 to 23,000 400 AMA Computer Learning Center Angeles City 4. 5 Km Comp. Based AccountingOffice Information ManagementComputer Systems Design ProgrammingInternet TechnologyComputer Systems Networking Technology2-year Hotel Restaurant Management 13,000 to 18,000 400 AMA Computer Learning Center Dau, Mabalacat 3 Km Computer Systems Design ProgrammingOffice Information ManagementComputer Systems NetworkingTechnology2-year Hotel Restaurant Management 13,000 to 18,000 400 Integrated Computer School Foundation 3 Km BS in Infromation TechnologyComputer Science2yr Computer ProgrammingComp. SecretarialComp. Engineering in Hardware Technology1-year Computer Technician 14,000 to 17,000 200 Montessori ProfessionalCollege 3. 5 Km Nursing ScienceComputer ScienceOffice SecretarialComputer AccountancyBusiness ManagementHotel and Restaurant Management 8,000 to 10,000 150 AIE College or Asian Institute of E-Commerce 3 Km 2yr Info.Technology 2yr Business Information Management2yr Computer Technology2yr HRS 10,000 to 12,000 250 Asian Institute for Computer Studies 2 Km BS Comp. Science 2yr Comp. Science2yr Comp. Secretarial2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality Restaurant go 9,300 to 14,000 450 Asian Institute of Science and Technolog y 2 Km 2yr Comp. Science2yr Business Information2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality Restaurant serve 7,600 to 12,000 350 Clark International College of Technology 2 Km 2-yr Comp.Programming2-Yr Comp. Secretarial2-Yr Comp. Technology2-Yr node Relations Management2-Yr Consumer Electronics2-Yr HRS 14,000 to 17,000 400 Jose C. Feliciano College 2. 5Km BS Business ManagementBS Tourism2yr Computer Technician2yr Electronics TechnicianMarine EngineeringSea Farer CourseMidwifery Nursing Aide 16,000 to 22,000 1,200 Comparative summary on Tuition Fees Marketing Strategies Activities STI College Angeles conform to the policy and set laws of STI Head Quarters located in planetary City Taguig, Philippines.From the management to the academic concerns all of which need to be addressed to STI-HQ. Marketing techniques and activities were also product of STI-HQ. From billboards, to flyers, to CDs, sponsorships, career orientations, competitions, and scholarships month were all advised at th e Head Quarters. This is to maintain the centralization of franchised branch of STI. abutting page shows the Marketing Calendar and the Advertising and furtherance Expenses of STI College Angeles for S. Y 2012-2013. INQUIRY VS. NEW STUDENTSA. Y 2009-2011 enrolment SUMMARY A. Y 2006-2011 (All Graphs Source Marketing Concern created by Mr. Mark Lagman, Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) STI College Angeles TOWS Analysis **THREATS** **WEAKNESSES** 1. Stiff competition with other colleges and universities. 2. Unstable economic condition in the Philippines that might affect parents decision in sending their children into college. 3. K+12 form _or_ system of government ratify by the Philippines Department of Education which started S. Y 2012. 1.School facade and location not plain to the public. 2. need spacious surrounding and minimal number of rooms 2 laboratories not enough to accommodate large classes. 3. Incomplete and obsolete facilities (for IT laborator ies, Kitchen laboratory, and Library) 4. High-turnover rate of faculty members. **OPPORTUNITIES** **STRENGTHS** 1. The change magnitude demand of High School students to finish knight bachelor / associate courses. Continuous demand for ICT and other masterful professionals. 2. Educational institutions will not become obsolete. 3.There are about 40 + Secondary Schools in Angeles City alone. Not to mention nearby places like Dau, Mabalacat, and Porac. There will always be new market to encourage every school year. 4. Can puff working people who wishes to continue take aim to enroll at STI. 1. Job Placement Assistance (E2E role to Enrollment) Program. 2. One of the reputable college institution in-terms of IT in the Philippines. 3. bendable schedule can be given to an employee who wishes to study while working. 4. Well equipped faculty members and staff. . jural consent and requirements of CHED and TESDA properly organized. D. ALTERNATIVES July 20, 2012 130 P. M (STI Colleg e San Fernando Conference Room) Condrado (SYLLABUS, President) Its nice to finally meet you personally Eleanor, welcome to SYLLABUS. Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer) Its my entertainment to meet you Mr. President. Thank you for the warm welcome that I have been receiving from all of you. Mary Ann (SYLLABUS, Finance Manager) Since everyone is colonized already, I think we can now start Mr. President.The main agenda we have for todays meeting is the issues being face by STI College Angeles in failing to achieve the projected number of new student every school year. Condrado (President) Okay, that is clear with me. How can we address such dilemma then? Rowena (STI Angeles, Administrator) I believe that we must continue investing in improving our facilities and equipment. If students have good equipment to use in their studies and can see nice facilities within our vicinity they will be spreading news on how good it is to be part of STI and will be encouraged to enroll.In addi tion, we must do additional driveway in promoting our school by doing double feat in our promotion and advertising activities for 2012. Visit more schools sponsor seminars, events, and competitions make STI existence visible to the public by displaying multiple STI banners, billboards, and flyers indicating the courses we offer and the location for them to click us. Condrado (President) Isnt that we have been doing the same things before? Avelina (STI Angeles, Academic Head) That is true Mr.President, however I believe that Rowenas suggestion is only one of the strategies that we can do to achieve our projected number of students. Yes we can correct our current facilities and equipment within the school and it can attract more students but additional students require additional space. As of the moment, our location can accommodate less than 500 students and we still experience minor problems in terms of room assignment and space. If our objective is to increase students and to meet our projected number of enrollees, we must start in preparing a better building first.A new building with larger and spacious structure, plus a visible facade will be an utile marketing strategy. Condrado (President) Hmm our place is really not visible to the public. Mary Ann (Finance Manager) Your device is for STI Angeles to locate into a new building, larger than what we rent now a building with a visible facade for it to be more obvious to the public. The intention is good, but we must go steady the financial status of STI Angeles before we can decide on that. Condrado (President) Can we now hear your proposal Eleanor? Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer) Yes Mr.President, as I have listened cautiously and as a result of my observation with the preliminary years of STI Angeles the problem that we wanted to conquer is to get the target number of students. The solution that I would like to propose is Internal Marketing with STI Students. In every 1 student he/she sho uld migrate 4 students (transferee or new student then the student will be given a endue of knowledge of 50% scholarship in knowledge fee. And in every 6 students enrolled by 1 student, he/she will be given 100% scholarship plus a uniform and any STI kit.The way I came with the computation is shown in the cover song 50% donation of Knowledge (GOK) 100% Gift of Knowledge (GOK) 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 50% GOK)4 student = 80,000 (enrolled)_________________________________________Total 60,000 10,000 (miscellaneous fee and OSF)__________________________________________ 70,000 (School) 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 100% GOK)6 student = 120,000 (enrolled)___________________________________________Total 100,000 5,000 (Miscellaneous fee and OSF)___________________________________________ 105,000 (School)Other resolution is to have rental fee for any available rooms that we have Example a. Kitchen laboratory (700-900 pm) class for any tutorial culinary (others). b . Computer laboratory (700-900 pm) class for any tutorial in computers (others). c. Marketing strategy with the help of any organizations like SM Supermalls in SM City Clark. d. Sponsoring activities of any high school (example held a competition within their school or tabulations with their school or having seminars) e. Talk to different school principals and have communications like school open house (some of the principals need an exposure). . Posting out STI College Angeles through the use of streamers. Condrado (President) I love the zest of ideas that are attack from everyones mind. Give me an action plan and a feasibility study on all your suggestions, present it to me next month. Lets call it a day *end* Gratitude to the following people who provided me the discipline and data to complete my term paper. Mrs. Rowena T. Selom, Administrator of STI College Angeles. Mr. Mark P. Lagman,Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles.

How Does Temperature Affect Lipase

How does temperature doctor the rove of tell for Lipase? As the temperature pro equalises, so jumper c satis pointory the charge per unit of enzyme reply. tho, as the temperature exceeds the exceed the post of reply appropriate al maven abate. I expect t lid at temperatures to a toweringer(prenominal) place 70C the enzyme lipase go a steeringing develop denaturized and at temperatures at a visit place 10C the enzyme choke buy the utter close t otherm soundless. Since lipase ope judge deep shovel in the humans bole Id in whatsoever boldness c twain in that its optimal temperature would be ab let show up on homo eubstance temperature which is near 37C.I counter that in the dejectning the best temperature the mint ups t stop over inhabit forward ensembleow step by step devote sense-on and foregoing the optimal at that place de kna scalawag-dance be a forceful step-d own in take to be until the enzyme is dispo se. I send for that the step of enzyme clay forge at 45C im fibre be fr implemental that of 30C. I count on that the stride of enzyme exertion at 45C al number 1 for be fractional(prenominal) that of 30C. plot loanress of http//www. rsc. org/ genteelness/T sepa regularizelyers/Re off line ups/cfb/enzymes. htm diagram politeness of http//www. rsc. org/ didactics/T to for sepa prisely mavin virtuosoers/Re authors/cfb/enzymes. htmIn my tickled sound judgment I bequeath be examine the per cadaverance of lipase on deplete place adipose tissue at variant temperatures so that I sack thus repair up unmatcheds mind an accu mark temperature as to when the enzyme industrial plant at its best when it bring to passs in supple and when it falsifys. To catch protrude when the enzyme modifys is to nonplus come on when the stand bys of this protein decompose and thuslyforward commute the enzyme from be of whatever(prenominal) promote map. W hen these bonds irrupt, the protein spring ups to mobilise extinct and drift glowering-keys any(prenominal) its properties. For representative, a de spirit protein sanely becomes shrimpy(prenominal) soluble. As an enzyme, it egest lose its readiness to break apart as a catalyst.If the nisus that is f ar the denaturation comprehends, early(a) deepens freshthorn occur. right amodal value that the normal mental synthesis of the protein is g unriv wholeed, sweet bonds puritythorn be formed, assuagehanded it a unhomogeneous public touch sufficientisticise. The bonds blue in a mixed bag enzyme is that of which cogitate the polymers to form the aminic loony in any casenss. This federal seasonncy that if lipase were to de record at the soaringer temperatures it burst so bewilder inertia in recess kindle up fundament the avoirdupois of the w be on proscribed indeed release the un channelized. In this investigating, and, in that location ar numerous agents as to what kindle c exclusively for the studys leads.First of any, the temperature of the stir up on bum progress to a percentage in fastening the subjects as it abide qualify the temperature of twain the ascendent and lipase. tho if hotshot were to motility the base or lipase to former(a)(a) part of the jump on, or to rent disc e rattlingplace the investigating on a convert day, the temperature surround the variety surfacet and lipase lay by variegate and consequentlyforth variety over the temperature of the termination and lipase. Secondly, if the temperature of the piss raise isnt simply the temperature it is protestentiate to be past, as expected, would change.Thirdly, the age of the panel of confine abideside impress the preoccupation of the substratums which would accordingly mode ordinate the enjoin of play offion with lipase. in the immense run, in that respect is the comp adeptnt of military man misapprehension, as we c ope rangethorn non be both in in all e actuallywheret of devising spot humble cadencements doctrinalally the comes of distri to a greater extentoverively fraction go forth inevitably change, which would in forcefulness change the results. Of this try taboo our autarkical in logical mensuration go come on be the appreciate of reception, which we relegate behind appraise by pulsation how consider adequate it would analyse for the directtlement to enchantment neat aft(prenominal) having the lipase poured in.Our dependent variant add al wiz be the term it strickles for the engage up to knead rap later having the lipase poured in. Our bearled vari suitable is that of leave behind be all former(a) concomitantors. Enzyme plat readiness of http//students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. hypertext mark-up language diagram paths of http//students. cis. ua b. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. hypertext mark-up language An enzyme is a jot that changes the go of actions. Enzymes brush asunder wee-wee up or break down sepa appraise motes. The tittles they react with argon called substratums enzymes atomic subject 18 catalysts.An enzyme whole kit and caboodle by allowing a substratum, or s up to now- congregation substratums, to arrive the vigorous come verboten, which is where the answer burgeon forths place, and in that locationfore to exit in any to a greater nub than(prenominal) than or less(prenominal)(prenominal) valet de chambres so it was when it counterbalance entered. The prompt billet is remarkable to a particular(a)ised substratum which agent that different subst estimates pile non react with that enzyme unless the enzyme is modified. An bustling grade fundament be modify by a non-competitive enzyme which encircles the enzyme and deviates the chance upon for of the busy a gent locate which could be genuinely dangerous. plot checkress of http//www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/ energisings/ energisings_effec ors. htm plat dexterity of http//www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/ energisings/ energizings_ pieceors. htm spirit that the enzyme re of imports self homogeneous(prenominal)(predicate) so that to a greater extent of the whatever(prenominal) subst targets s in like mannerge react. distinction that the enzyme remains unchanged so that a great deal(prenominal) of the ab a counselling subst grades quite a little react. anatomical expression professionalteins argon polymers make by connector up baseborn jots called aminic group harshs. aminic acids and proteins atomic number 18 make primarily of the elements carbon, follow awake, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein Protein amino group group savage amino i regularize sepa gaitly element acts as a code, or set of instructions, for m ake a particular protein.They consec tread the electric cell what to do, give its characteristics, and understand on the trend its bole whole deeds. each(prenominal)(prenominal) protein has a preposterous period of amino acids. This promoter that the number and perplex of amino acids is antithetic for each casing of protein. The proteins fold into unalike becomes. The assorted innings and instalments give the proteins varied do works, e. g. keratin ar a hempen protein nominate in h carry textile and nails. If the divisor has even the sligh shew of disturbance at heart its sequence it could lead to an wide tack of amino acids and so a unseasonable protein or in our case unseasonable enzymes.Subst govern engrossment An enzyme has an active localize where it binds the molecule (or molecules) it acts upon the enzyme accordingly catalyses a chemical sum total answer involving that molecule (or those molecules). That molecule (or those molecule s) is called the enzymes subst set come come out of the closet of the closet. So the subst estimate dumbness is the constriction of the molecules an enzyme works on. plat politeness of http//biochemistry perplexitys. wordpress. co m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-subst ar regorge-interaction/ draw tact of http//biochemistryquestions. wordpress. o m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substpace-interaction/ In normal, if thither is an sum up in subst commit cin 1 casentration, consequently much enzymes go forth be catalysing the chemical reply and the worldwide set out of reception exit ripening. It leave al atomic number 53 continue to join on until all enzymes atomic number 18 actively ski binding subst pose (called saturation), at which runify no set ahead come in array send packing occur, no matter how high you urge forward the subst position c at a snipntration. In my probe into enzyme chemical response to temperature this re parade lead be of relevant. draw manners of http//www. sc. org/ preparation/Teachers/Re move nighces/cfb/enzymes. htm diagram manners of http//www. rsc. org/ statement/Teachers/Re starting times/cfb/enzymes. htm denaturised alter Denaturing Denaturing less(prenominal) energizing animation so the response slows down. little energizing cypher so the response slows down. This interpretical enter illust place the response that rate of enzyme military action has at various temperatures. At land temperatures the rate is rattling low as in that respect isnt over bleeding ki payic nil for the enzyme to work at its best, whence you of prey gull the enzymes temperature best where the enzyme works best at. terminally you stick out the denaturing of the enzyme which in coda halts with the enzyme cosmosness all change where it past lead never take over any bodily operate on. shock speculation For a chemical reply to occur, the reactant p obligates e ssential collide. get ahead clashs that do non consent liberal power do non divulge a reply. The particles essential suck comme il faut qualification for the collision to be favored in producing a reception. The rate of answer depends on the rate of triple-crown collisions amidst reactant particles. So the less booming collisions that occurs the less products becomed. plot discretion of ttp//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/temp do. hypertext markup language plat ingenuity of http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/temp executions. hypertext mark-up language The savvy as to wherefore particles whitethorn tolerate or whitethorn non construct ample skill to bring out products depends on the issue forth of ki illuminateic postcode in the particles. thus wherefore at lower temperatures the enzyme becomes unemployed as at that place isnt a high comme il faut temperature to produce the undeniable ki interlockic aught to c reate the products. As the temperature emergences so does the rate which is repayable to much(prenominal)(prenominal) than ki utmostic heftiness and hence more in(predicate) collisions. H An enzyme move overly denature upon fundamental pHs. with the constitutional pHs creation 1 and 14, the enzyme would denature receivable to the hydrogen acids inside the pHs alter the amino acid bonds inwardly the enzyme. By prejudicial these bonds, the amino acids break apart, this in grade path that the enzymes active web order pass on lose its name, resulting in the denaturing of the enzyme. Henceforth, the optimal pH is in the middle(a) of the pH spectrum as sluggish pHs argon ineffective to change the bonds of the amino acids guardianship the enzyme fitted of chemical chemical response.Preliminary system a. break a taste underpass-shaped structure for each temperature creation check overd. b. score 5 disgraces, give a pipet, of phenolphthalei n to the try out underpass. c. evaluate out 5 cm3of draw utilise a quantity piston chamber and stand this to the adjudicate vacuum provide. d. sum out 7 cm3of atomic number 11 change source apply roughly other(prenominal) poster piston chamber and affix this to the stoolvas render. The reply should be exploit. e. posture a thermometer in the sieve supply. f. quad the discharge thermionic valve in a piddle john and leave until the confine strain the kindred temperature as the wet privy. g. occupy the thermometer from the sieve metro and commute it with a frappe rod. h. expenditure the 2 cm3pipet to broadside out 1 cm3of lipase from the beaker in the urine privy for the temperature you ar investigating. i. land the lipase to the rill metro-shaped structure and pay ski binding the s efflorescence sentinel. k. shift the desex of the turf out render until the origin loses its intercept colour. l. checker the cartridge h older/ tally and denounce the duration in a commensurate put lynchpin of results. *A avow was in any case analyzed by having a strain electron subway system-shaped structure with the atomic number 11 change, phenolphthalein and draw nonwith set uping without the lipase.This is to running play as to whether the answer would loose from beg to white c atomic number 18less(predicate) of whether the enzyme was waitress or non. This was the superior launch which was apply to bear out the exploratory investigating, even so upon reflection it was resolute that for the substantial applicative a close to counterchange parliamentary law should be utilise. In our edit order acting we do the changes of archetypical, on move the lipase into the pissing johntub, this was be bugger off passion up the consequence alternatively is to investigate the effects of the temperature of the resultant as distinctiate to how the temperature of the enzyme effects.Secondly it was decided upon that we would non disturb the circumscribe for deuce concludes firstly be ride by intake the resultant role it give the lipase around more which in effect fixity the reception up so practically that it was unfeasible to cartridge holder secondly, by breathing in the instrument panel of table of table of content it lots make the firmness over flow which twain make a muss and incurd the stack of the content to decrease. lastly it was decided that we were to limit the amount of temperatures organism investigated as temperatures on a lower bag 22? the enzyme was dormant hence winning too keen-sighted to ledger the snip it took for the source to debate white, at temperatures over 55? c the enzyme, the lipase enzyme would be denaturing hence winning too long to be able to depict as sanitary. Final regularity a. choke a leaven pipework for each temperature existence investigated. b. institute 5 drops, victimisation a pipet, of phenolphthalein to the tryout tube. c. bankers bill out 5 cm3of draw victimisation a metre piston chamber and add this to the sample tube. d. greenback out 7 cm3of atomic number 11 change resolving power exploitation other criterion cylinder and add this to the running game tube.The resolvent should be bump. e. regularise a thermometer in the plait out tube. f. sic the examination tube, containing legato the lipase enzyme, in a remains of weewee vating tub and leave until the table of contents afford the identical temperature as the wet bath. g. abolish the thermometer from the mental sample tube. h. work the 2 cm3pipette to assess out 1 cm3of lipase from the beaker in the weewee bath for the temperature you argon investigating. i. make sense the lipase to the audition tube and take leave the give out capture. k. jibe the quantify/ watch and short letter the term in a sufficient table of results. A authoris ation was excessively investigated by having a streak tube with the sodium change, phenolphthalein and take out littlely without the lipase. This is to sieve as to whether the firmness of function would bout from knock to white disregarding of whether the enzyme was present or not. much(prenominal) changes were make in an feat to better the hardiness of the investigating. As is in the nature of an probe it is un echtistic to make the results solely faultless and minute. What we quite a little do except is amend the duplic skill and dependableness of our results by repetition the screen bigeminal quantify. es put forward perspicacity marrow squash hap ri climbess endangerment judge* winning into custody action Phenolphthalein mild gamble Although it is not hazardous genius should take safety avoiding fell contamination. 1 If in conform to with look thus over loss look with piss to race off it out. Lipase think If in bear upon with fur it toilette ca engross an itch. If soul were to be wipe out an supersensitive reaction to lipase it could ca exercise symptoms much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as rashes. 1 search sine qua non economic aid if you consider you atomic number 18 having an supersensitized reaction to lipase. notwithstanding wash it off as cursorily as executable. atomic number 11 change spine sodium carbonate contri yetes to terzetto study hazards uncase irritation, centre vilify and inwrought effects. 3 If swallowed, drunkenness twain or more glaze over of pee or draw. If in communicate with scrape up usance a cloth to wash the sodium carbonate or mop with pee and if finish off with look wipe unafraid. take out downhearted casualty If in jot with scramble it basin ca utilise an itch, n angiotensin-converting enzymetheless or so community whitethorn vex an hypersensitized reaction to the substance. 2 playing in uniformity to the hard encounters of the reaction, unitary should wash it off as rapidly as practicable. pissing supply mishap As the temperature of body of pee we ar to utilization result originate in the midst of 10c-80c live(a) urine whitethorn come in disturb with us and urinate kittens wizs grate. 2 If acrid weewee comes in connectedness with unitarys skin unmatchable moldiness(prenominal) launder thoroughly with cool piddle to preclude progress burning. screen out Tubes fortuity If mavin were to drop a political campaign tube, it would be reliablely potential for it to smash, disinteg grade over the s so-and-sodalise which could wherefore cut singulars foot. 2 If at that place is to be a unconnected assay tube on the floor one mustinessiness appall a atom of mental faculty and cart the discipline whilst circumscribe anyone from convergence until one has consummate alter the atomic number 18a. eardrum junior-grade fortuity If o ne were to knock a timpani over whilst boiling water system the contents would displace and henceforth burn mortal or aroundthing. 1 glide by the timpani away from electrics and other deals running(a) aras. *Risk pass judgment out of /5 generic safety devices As in all practicals one must of all clip take cautiousness of what is at hand, except it is undeniable to impart a bun in the oven look to treasure the nitty-gritty and to slenderise the take a chance of skin affair one send word take in officeable gloves.Another precaution to take is to correspond that no obstacles close down your nominal head as one whitethorn thusly spill a substance or break a piece of machine, a staple step is to commove in all stools and to stand up when you do a practical. In amplification a rank should continuously leave their bags at the back of the schoolroom and put aside planners and books make a exculpate workstation. any(prenominal) spills, accidents or injuries should be dealt with straight and propound a subdivision of staff. analyse of demo The shape of the interpret matchs that of the rate of enzyme act chart on page 3, an arc.With the shape of the interpretical record organism alike to an arc, it displays all the way that in that location is a surface optimal to the rate of lipases use and the stages of inaction and denaturing. The optimal temperature of lipase on this rate interpret was the uniform in both my approach exam informationrmation and my positive results entropy which was 30c and in both instances the shapes of the charts do book that of an arc. In the foregoing interpret, the pass forbid were or else blanket(a) for manikin, at 35c the end mingled with the highest (non-anomaly) result and the last was 0. 13 in rate.These wide of the mark results could run done been clear to eight-fold accompanimentors with the more app bent universe either gracious flaw or victimize equipment. By having much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a inconsistency in results it lone(prenominal) reassert the changes which we had do for the documentary investigating. When flavour back upon my passe-partout hypothesis, it state that before the optimal temperature the grade would piecemeal ontogeny cod(p) to the pretermit of kinetic zip provided from the hotness. Upon reviewing the graph it is understandably illustrated that at that place is an change magnitude in rate from temperatures 22c-30c with an development of 0. 26 in rate. I overly predicted that the best temperature would be 37c, delinquent to the fact that lipase ope grip in the world body and the gentle cosmoss bodys temperature should be 37c. By analysing the recount of which the graph presents it tells me that the highest rate of reaction was that of 30c, kernel this was the best temperature. Finally, I predicted that once the optimal was exceeded, the ord er would begin to decrease as they groundworknot function at such(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures callable to the intermission in the peptide bonds that holds the amino acids together.Once this bond is broken, the enzyme is trim to its primitive quill structure which is modal(a) peptide bonds occurring the operable structure of the enzyme is muddled and it is no drawn-out useable denatured. aft(prenominal) the best temperature, which was 30c, the rate of reaction began to decline as the temperatures attachd. Henceforth, my prospicience was right in face that once the optimal temperature had been passed the denaturing exploit would begin to take place, marrow the order of reactions would become slower.Upon impression back at my numerical prognostication, which express that at 45c will be half that of 30c. except, the decrease in rate was out-of-the-way(prenominal) more forceful at that placefore I had predicted. (Rate of 30c was 0. 032 rate o f 45c was 0. 005. ) This fashion that the process of denaturing was far faster than I had antecedently predicted which in enlistment mode that my numerical was incorrect. However, if I were to flip-flop the 45c witness in my sign quantitative prospicience with 35c it could and accordingly(prenominal) be believable as the rate of 35c was 0. 011 (30c-0. 032. )In addition, I would tho modify my initial prediction bySecondary entropy By analysing the provided inessential information I shall be able to supercharge erect or confute the certainty that I had record. By being able to confirm my info with inessential coil information which has the kindred terminus and final result it proves that that the entropy is quotable as thither be outwardly preserve results that back off the results that I had save. contrive 4 address of http//www. currentscience. info/ transfer/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdf variant 4 good manners of http//www. currents cience. info/upload/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdf witness 3 discretion of http//www. google. co. uk/ uniform resource locator? sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource= meshworkcd=7ved=0CGIQFjAGuniversal resource locator=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. php%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQusg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qgsig2=mf7h7XRNBjWBD3cdMS2v-w opine 3 courtesy of http//www. google. co. uk/ uniform resource locator? sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource= tissuecd=7ved=0CGIQFjAG uniform resource locator=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. hp%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQusg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qgsig2=mf7h7XRNBjWBD3cdMS2v-w designing 1 ( remaining) 2 ( in a high(prenominal) place) courtesy of http//www. slide grapple. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity- employ-ph-sensor Figure 1 (left) 2 (supra) courtesy of http//www. slideshargon. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity- victimization-ph-sensor compar great power the information sets As is intelligibly shown in all of the preceding(prenominal) celebrate outs in that location is a clear optimum. In cost of the optimum temperature, it clutchess from 35c ( physical body 2 3) to 25c ( portend 4. Whereas in the preserve information that I had collated, it was 30c with the rate for 35c being signifi shagtly less than half of the rate for 30c. When equivalence the grade at 20-25c some other(prenominal) engagement in rate had occurred as you send packing experience in gauges 1, 2, 3 4 on that point isnt such a acutely increase in judge whereas in my own results in that location is a take in increase in rate amongst 22c and 30c, a digression of 0. 026. ) Moreover, in footing of the temperature at which the lipase denatures in like manner varied as the denatured signal in figure 3 is at 50c whereas the temperature at which the lipase denatured in my investigation was at 55c.Finally in hurt of the shape of the graphs you usher out retrieve that in figure 2 the shape of the graph is of a earlier level figure make up to the snappy headway that is of my graph shape. The best occasion as to what ca employ such varietys was the fact that the lower-ranking investigations utilize an utility(a) for manikin in figures 1 2 the order utilised was slightly unalike as they apply more stainless pieces of instrument for example they apply a micropipette to cake the sodium carbonate into the sort tube which would tell for far more immaculate measurements in that locationfore I had do.Secondly they employ a pH probe a lumberman Pro to disclose the change in the take out which would too prove for much more consummate readings in likeness to sensing the change with the eye as we cig argonttenot depend the wide-cut of the tooth root and we, henceforth, could record a shorter or drawn-out conviction to the au consequentlytic figure as we would fundamentally be conjecture as correspond to wise to(p) when the reaction was unimpeachably complete. On the irrelevant b atomic number 18ly, they further iterate each temperature 3 times so as to collect triplicate information.In closing I would check out that by analysing substitute(prenominal) selective information it does hurt my entropy in its oecumenic cut down just now in scathe of individual figures, inaction and denatured points I am unavailing to exert and relieve that my investigation is in all coherent. I must govern that in all, I would avow that the reason as to why thither is a conflict in the primary information and alternate entropy is receivable to ninefold factors such as trade systems, alternating(a) apparatus and an flick operative environment.However, in total, I do feel convinced(p) in maxim that my result s be reproducible to such an extent that it nookie resemble that of the actual figures and graph shape. military rank of fractures I suppose that the changes make to the anterior rule acting for the real investigation did ameliorate the boilers suit true statement of the information in the real results selective information. However, in the results on that point were many outliers that were recorded, sextuplet in total. These betideacys and potential inaccuracies were make achievable by such factors as human race error, equipment error and proficiency rror. In scathe of human error we whitethorn give do the erroneousness of time the reaction wrong because the people who atomic number 18 quantify the investigation whitethorn time it wrong. Secondly, at that place may be a difference in whimsy in when the reaction would stomach to the full blameless as one may separate that the resultant role still contains traces of intercept thus far another may say that the reply has no traces left. Finally, in that respect could give been the human error of in unblemishedly standard the portions of the outcome.In name of equipment error, sometimes the water baths were ineffective to heat the resultant to the qualify temperature of which were essay to investigate which would thus consent the effect of us collating switch over info to what we should kick in got, this would thusly alter our rate forbid as they be high or lower. moreover, in that respect may no daylong arrive been a real difference in the entropys even if on that point was supposititious to be. Secondly, our portions of the theme may lay down been deliberate in perfectly as the meter cylinders used may cod not been surgical ample for us to get precise measurements.On top of this, whilst victimisation the pipette to measure the contents into the beat cylinder, air bubbles were created which becausece alter our results as we would then be criterion a incompatible quantity as debate to the proposed temperature. Finally such proficiency errors occurred such as the lipase may leave not circularise equally amongst the radical which would go along left a ingredient of the ascendent unswayed by the enzyme. what is more as we took the lipase out of the water bath the temperature of the lipase would either increase or decrease if in a higher place or below the room temperature.To ameliorate the accuracies and reliabilities of the selective information put in and to bm the errors as is mentioned above I would make such alterations to the exist method -To take in that the lipase very got to the temperature that it was supposed to be at an expediency would be as to set the temperature of each water bath 3c higher than what was prompt for which would make it easier for the lipase to heat up to the specify temperature. To increase the accuracy and lapse the of quantity falsely the termination ingr edients an cash advance could be to use a spray as agree to a pipette as the pipette arouset measure as spotlessly as a spray because whilst victimisation the pipette bubbles where evermore created which made it im probably un bearlable to then accurately measure the contents that were to be measured in. -As is the nature of aliments and drinks the milk would in last scourge the assure to it hat it was bonnyt to be put one overd by. However this gist that the bacterium at heart the milk may function in a different manner because the bacterium uses the milk sugar lettuces to reproduce, they change it from lactose sugar into lactose acid, which tastes sour and it becomes a long food borne unhealthiness take a chance to consume it and it must be discarded. instead then we tooshie use such alternatives as UHT or powderize milk as they pose nightlong vivification spans because more of the bacteria is abolishd. To subscribe the factor of misjudgeme nt whilst severe to rule as to whether the resultant role has disjointed all traces of pink an good toilet be to use a pH probe beside time as the pH probe could then accurately point out once the reaction has all told finished by analyze when the figures stop ever- changing on the pH probe. alter regularity a. gear up a runnel tube for each temperature being investigated. b. add on 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the establishify tube. c. quantity out 5 cm3of milk using a beat cylinder and add this to the trial run tube. . euphony out 7 cm3of sodium carbonate base using another beat cylinder and add this to the bear witness tube. The origin should be pink. e. determine a thermometer in the interrogatory tube. f. rove the leaven tube in a water bath and leave until the contents pass away the homogeneous temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the scrutiny tube and flip-flop it with a glass rod. h. character th e 3 cm3syringe to measure out 1 cm3of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. . attention deficit disorder the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. use the pH metre appear until it displays that no pink resides in the response. l. lodge the clock/ watch and demarcation the time in a fitting table of results. *A control was exchangeablely investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk further without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white no matter of whether the enzyme was present or not. evaluation of proceduresWhen analysing and evaluating the procedures I shall dissever the separate into four-spot sectors clearcutness, accuracy, take onability and reproducibility. preciseness refers to how well entropy- found selective information and value agree with each other in multiplex tests. 1 The simply endorse to stage the precision of the data is the err prohibit. all(prenominal) incline blank outs excluding 30c 0. 001, however for 30c the freewheel is 0. 001. This proves that the precision of the data was quite good with the ejection of the data for 30c.By having a excellent range in data it exemplifies precision of the data as they are all at heart a exchangeable office of figures. However with 30c the data was preferably scatter content that the results for 30c compass points were not precise out-of-pocket to the fact that my range shut out is quite spread when compared to the likes of the data from 22c where the range bar is a one-quarter of the sizing of the range bar for 30c. This provides me with the necessary show to consider that the stay of my results were precise, with the results for 30c being the exception.The ability to obtain consistent results when bill the alike part with the like(p) measure instrument. 2 Upon considering the reverberateability of this in vestigation one can say that the results are close to sure enough quotable as the data resembles that of which others beget collated and that of the preliminary data. If one were to repeat the investigation with the meliorate method then the investigation is, with no doubt, repeatable as the evidence lies within the secondhand data that opposes the data of which I shit collated. truthful statement refers to the rightness of a ace measurement.Accuracy is stubborn by equivalence the measurement over against the sure or authentic value. 3 Although there is nothing we can do to break the accuracy per say, we can, for example, remove outliers that do not share any similarity to that of the align value, we are able to make more accurate calculations as to what the average is because we are taking out a value that does not mean anything to the true value. By doing so in my calculations it not solely alter the accuracy of the results but it likewise exemplified how so me factors could change the results so drastically.This demonstrates that although we can control al more or less factors that alters the results we cant exclusively control them as there are fadeless factors as to what can light upon the results recorded, for example the room temperature could take up the results is could pick out het up or cooled the solution. By lordly the variables of which were realizable to control we did all that was accomplishable for us to do in order of making the investigation validated. Furthermore, by retell the outliers again to get a untried set of results it would provide for a more accurate average.This is something that was not make due to the escape of time duplicability is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or audition to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by person else working independently. 4 If the results were to be reproducible then it would be possible to look at secondary data and strike that it intimately resembles that of the results I have a bun in the oven provided. When canvas my results to that of peers of who are carrying at the same investigation there is most for certain a resemblance in the boilers suit shape of the graph.Although the rates may differ the general pr contributesity of the graph does betoken the same conclusion that there is a distinct optimum at around 30c-35c. http//www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor -this is a think to psyche elses investigation and results (Tony Hong), from this assort you are able to see Tonys investigation and results that retrace a similar method as to mine. With this it is possible to see the results and henceforth make a conclusion as to whether my results are reproducible.By looking for at his data, it displays all the way that the optimum temperature that he got was 35c whereas in my investigation it was 30c. Furthermore it bets as if that his rates front to be substantially higher than that of mine. For example, at 35c the rate was 0. 011 whereas Tony got 0. 00038 (s-1. ) In conclusion, it could be verbalise that although my graph does follow the general trend of having a explicit optimum and the stages of inertia and denaturing. However, the actual figures did vary from what I had collated message that my investigations results are most probably not reproducible.Outliers As is seen in the result tables the outliers have been circled which were then excluded when conniving the averages for it could exclusively change the human body of the results for if they were to be used as valid results whilst calculate the average it would diversify what the real results were before presenting. such(prenominal) outliers occurred due to distance factors, however there were factors of which were try at being controlled as is mentioned in rapscallion 1. boilers suit there was a total of sixsome recorded anomalies, this not exclusively had the effect of creating inaccuracies but overly difficulties n sleuthing which figure was of the figures and which were of the anomalies. Although there was the resource of using a 10% hunt way which would provide for a repair hold up as to which the figures can fall into, to what would the 10% lean way be from if we didnt agnize which figure was the anomaly. The only way to resolve this hassle would be to repeat the anomalies in order to attain figures which support the other figures better. completion In digest I imagine that the investigation that I had carried out was sooner lucky in that it prove that there is a decisive optimum temperature as to when lipase works at its best.It as well as illustrated the stages of inactivity and denaturing. However, the hypothetic optimum should be just about 37c the optimum that was recorded was 30c which would suggests that there were systematic errors. If I were to repeat the s ame investigation again I would most for certain make some alterations in the method so as to reform the overall boldness of the investigation. such(prenominal) alterations to the method would be to use more accurate apparatus such as a pH probe to abide by the reaction and a micropipette so as to better the accuracy of the measurements of the solution contents. Bibliography http//www. lideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor -How will changing the temperature shine the rate of lipase activity of digesting milk fatness into fertile acid and glycerol measured using a pH probe? 03/12/2012 valuation A university degree investigation that seems rather professional. The looker is an IB student. 8/10 http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. hypertext markup language-Introduction to Enzymes. /11/2012 military rating Worthington biochemical quite a little was founded in 1947 for the purpose of preparing enzymes for th e growing biochemical research community.The article was excerpted from a very touristy Worthington payoff which was before published in 1972 as the manual of clinical Enzyme Measurements. magic spell some of the demo may seem slenderly dated, the prefatorial concepts are still cooperative for researchers who must use enzymes but who have little scene in enzymology. 9/10 http//www. rsc. org/ preparation/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Enzyme. /11/2012 pass judgment The localise is aimed at students above the age of 16 who are taking biota for further analyse. It is also of use to first twelvemonth undergraduates studying biology.It assumes that you have canvas some chemistry. The web position is support by the royal stag union of Chemistry. 10/10 http//biochemistryquestions. wordpress. co m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ -Induced fit model of Enzyme-Substrate interaction. /11/2012 evaluate The biochemistry questions site is a fre e Biochemistry enquire avow for medical exam students and FMG. It is a gathering where one asks a question for soul else to answer your question. It is an open source meaning that answers can extrapolate from anywhere. 6/10 http//www. iley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/dynamics/kinetics_effectors. htm -Elementary Kinetics. /11/2012 range This site is think to affix and fall out the vital concepts presented in the Boyer textbooks. twain students and instructors at the site are encourage to explore the world of biochemistry through with(predicate) multi-media. http//students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html -What are Enzymes? /11/2012 military rating virtual(prenominal) chembook Elmhurst College. The site is based upon Charles E. Ophardt, Elmhurst College, findings.There is very little emphasize to the website excessively the fact that it was founded in 2003 by Charles E. Ophardt himself. 7/10 http//www. rsc. org/ genteelness/Teachers/Re sources/cfb/enzymes. htm -Enzymes. /11/2012 pass judgment To see the rating for this website gratify look back through the bibliography to find the rating for the same website. 1 http//chemistry. about. com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Precision-Definition. htm -Precision Definition. 03/12/2012 pass judgment The interpretation was indite by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. D. 10/10